Credit Hours - 2

This course is an introduction to “Environmental Chemistry” which seeks to bring an understanding in the chemical behavior of important elements and compounds in the environment.  The course focuses on the study of sources, reactions, transport, effects, and fates of chemical species in atmosphere, water, soil and biosphere; and the effect of technology thereon.

Credit Hours - 2

This course introduces students to the use of wood, non-woody and agricultural waste as viable industrial raw material in paper making. Students are taught the basic chemistry of wood, separation techniques, chemical and mechanical methods, sources of wood, softwood, hardwood and their global distribution. The main chemical components of wood, cellulose, hemicelluloses and extractives are considered. Students are taken through various chemical reactions of wood technology towards paper making with emphasis on the organic, physical and surface chemistries that are involved. The various uses of paper are discussed at the end of the course.

Credit Hours - 2

This course introduces students to the chemical principles and applications underlying the textile industry.  Topics will include; Physical and chemical properties of raw materials; natural fibres of animal origin such as wool or of plant origin such cotton are selected for discussions. Structure of the constituent fibers; physical and chemical properties for example; the helical structure of wool or cotton; grading parameters such as length, diameter, crimp, colour as quality indicators of fibres. Physical and chemical changes in these materials during preparation of yarns for weaving; treatment of fabric after weaving (dyes, dyestuffs, printing etc): treatments of textile industrial waste. 

Credit Hours - 2

The course introduces students to the fundamentals of mineral processing and will involve the following: Characterization of particles; analysis of separation processes; fluid dynamics; mechanisms and processes of particulate separations; Size reduction: mechanisms of fracture; crashing and grinding; Size separations: screening and sieving; classification; gravity and dense medium separations; dewatering; sedimentation; filtration; Concentrate separation: surfaces and interfaces; ore sorting; flotation and other separation methods (magnetic separations, electrostatic separation); and Gold refining technology.

Credit Hours - 2

The course introduces some fundamental principles of industrial chemistry. Topics will include: the economic importance of the chemical industry; conversion, efficiency, yield, economic and technical feasibilities of a chemical process; material and energy balance in chemical processes. Major inorganic chemical processes: Gases (N2, O2, NH3 and Cl2); acids/bases (H2SO4, H2PO3, NaOH, Na2CO3), Major organic chemical processes: fossil fuel and petrochemicals (ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride); Major commercial products: food additives, anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactants; pharmaceuticals. Industrial activities and their environmental impact such as; global warming, acid rain, smog, ozone depletion, eutrophication, toxic metals and carcinogens will be discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course introduces students to the techniques of forensic chemistry as they relate to crime scene investigation and on-going analysis of evidence obtained after a crime is committed. The course involves the basic chemistry concepts, origins of foreign science, evidence collection and preservation, documentation, fingerprint development, toxicology and drug testing, foreign techniques and instrumentation, explosives and arson investigation. 

Credit Hours - 2

This course is intended to give students a basic understanding of X-ray crystallography. Principles and Techniques governing Powder and Single Crystal X-ray crystallography would be taught. Differences and similarities between the powder and single crystal techniques would be taught. X-ray generation, interaction of X-ray with matter and Scattering patterns and crystal growth experiments as part of single crystal diffraction studies. Relate Bragg reflections and diffractions to x-ray diffraction patterns in both powder and single crystal diffractions. The concept of small building blocks, unit cell, cell lattice constants, Symmetry, Crystal systems theory and experiments are covered.

Credit Hours - 3

This course is focused on the principles and application of analytical instrumentation. Topics will include; resolution, sensitivity, selectivity; and sample pre-treatment techniques. A detailed consideration and applications of some selected methods including basic principles of chromatography, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography (Normal and reversed phase), HPLC, GC-MS, etc. x-ray fluorescence spectrophotometry (XRF), x-ray diffraction techniques such as powder and single crystal (XRD), neutron activation analysis (NAA), voltammetric stripping analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy will be performed, 

Credit Hours - 2

The course seeks to introduce some basic principles of nuclear and radiochemistry and their application. Topics will include; Radioactive Decay and Nuclear Stability; types of radioactive decay, the Kinetics of radioactive decay; radioisotope dating; the interconversion of matter and energy; The mass defect, nuclear binding energy, natural radioactivity; nuclear transmission: particle accelerators and the transuranium elements; the effect of nuclear radiation on matter: excitation and ionization emissions; application of radioisopes: application of ionizing and non-ionizing radiation; Nuclear fission and fusion and their applications.

Credit Hours - 3

This course introduces students to some general characteristics of d and f block elements. Topics will include: coordination chemistry: structure and isomerism, stability, theories of metal- ligand bonding (CFT and LFT), mechanisms of substitution and electron transfer reactions of coordination complexes. Electronic spectra and magnetic properties of transition metal complexes, lanthanides and actinides. Metal carbonyls, metal- metal bonds and metal atom clusters, metallocenes; transition metal complexes with bonds to hydrogen, alkyls, alkenes and arenes; metal carbenes; use of organometallic compounds as catalysts in organic synthesis; Bioinorganic chemistry of Na, K. Mg, Ca, Fe, Co, Zn, Cu and Mo.

Credit Hours - 2

This is an introductory course that begins with an exploration of the fundamental relationship between electronic structure, chemical bonding, and atomic order, then proceed to the chemical properties of "aggregates of molecules," including crystals, metals, glasses, semiconductors, solutions and acid-base equilibria, polymers, and biomaterials. Real-world examples are drawn from industrial practice (e.g. semiconductor manufacturing), energy generation and storage (e.g. automobile engines, lithium batteries), emerging technologies (e.g. photonic and biomedical devices), and the environmental impact of chemical processing (e.g. recycling glass, metal, and plastic).

Credit Hours - 3

This course introduces students to some important compounds and groups of compounds from natural sources. Topics will include: monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Synthesis of alpha-amino acids; determination of primary and secondary structures of peptides; synthesis of peptides; brief description of the structures of Coenzyme A, ATP and ADP, NAD and NADH, DNA and RNA;  Anthocyanins and flavonoid compounds; Structure elucidation of some specific examples. Methods of extraction, isoprene rule and Biosynthesis; Terpenes, Carotenoids - their chemistry and structural elucidation; Types - sterols, bile acids, sex hormones, adrenal cortex hormones - structures of above and biological functions; Introduction to conformational analysis.

Credit Hours - 2

The course introduces students to organometallic compounds, their chemistry and reactions. Topics will include; Preparation and reactions of the organometallic compounds of the Main Group elements, and of the d-block Transition elements; Organometallics as useful synthetic intermediates. Structure and bonding. Ligands. Reactivity. Catalysis. Applications of organometallic complexes in organic synthesis and industrial catalysis. Recent developments in organic synthesis, organometallics, heterocyclics, phase transfer catalysis, and physical organic chemistry will be discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course will introduce students to some fundamental concepts in medicinal chemistry. Topics may include; Classification of Drugs, Principles of drug action, Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics; the Receptor Theory, Drug absorption, distribution, metabolims and excretion (ADME); Structure-Activity Relationships (excluding quantitative SAR). Specific Drug Types - their chemistry and pharmacology. Pesticides - Pyrethroids, DDT and related compounds, organophosphates, naturally occurring pesticides; Drug Development, including development from natural sources. Quality Assurance and good manufacturing practices.

Credit Hours - 2

The course is intended to develop a fundamental understanding of polymers and polymerization reactions. Functionality concepts and applications in the industrial synthesis of polymers, regarding rubber, plastics, fibers, coatings, and adhesives industries will be covered. Mechanisms and kinetics of polymerization will be dealt with. Common concepts within polymer classes and the recognition of the potential value of polymeric materials and their areas of application will be highlighted. The student will be made to become familiar with current topics in polymer science and recognize sustainability issues in polymer chemistry

Credit Hours - 2

The course examines electrical and magnetic properties of molecules in relation to molecular structure and spectra at the basic level. Relationship between molecular shape and symmetry is examined. Molecular electronic structure parameters like Bond radii, Bond energy, bond moments, Electronegativity and Born-Oppenheimer Approximation. The study would also introduce to students basic Computational Concepts. Applications of theories to Molecular modeling, Computer aided Drug design (CAMD. Quantum Mechanical Methods, Ab initio Calculations and Semi-empirical Methods. Molecular Modelling of simple organic molecules and use of Density Functional Methods would be used to solve problems on chemical structures.

Credit Hours - 2

The course is focused on the principles and chemistry of Surfaces and the application of Thermodynamics to Interface Phenomena.  Topics will include: the concept of Interfacial Tension/Free Energy and Work associated with interface formation, Physical phenomena related to surface tension and Capillarity, Vapor pressure of curved surfaces, Surface tension, and temperature, spreading of liquids, Gibbs equation, Surfactants and Detergency, Insoluble surface films, Double layer Potential, Adsorption/Isotherms, Applications of adsorption, Surface catalysis, Surface area of adsorbents, Adsorption of solutes by solids,  Colloids and other dispersions, Effects of Surface forces on colloids, Preparation and properties of Colloids will be discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course seeks to aid students to develop both a conceptual and a quantitative understanding of rates of chemical reactions. Quantitative description of reaction rates and mechanisms will also be explored. Some topics to be treated will include: Experimental techniques in chemical kinetics, Elementary kinetics, Theories of reaction rates, Reactions in Solution, Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis Enzyme kinetics, and reaction dynamics. Photochemical sources of energy for kinetic reactions.

Credit Hours - 2

This course seeks to introduce students to the principles of symmetry and group theory. Topics will include; Symmetry elements and operations, arrangement of symmetry operations into classes; Group theory- Point groups, and assignment of point groups to molecules using flow charts; Non-degenerate representations, Reducible representations and reduction to irreducible representations; Degenerate representations.  Application of symmetry and group theory - The symmetry properties of molecules and their use to predict chemical bonding, vibrational spectra, hybridization, optical activity, etc will be discussed. 

Credit Hours - 2

The course will introduce students to the mathematical and physical principles of quantum chemistry, including operators, and operator algebra, eigenvalue problems; Postulates of quantum mechanics; the Schrodinger Equation-Hydrogen atom, Simple Harmonic Oscillator, and diatomic molecules; the Rigid Rotator and angular momentum. Approximation methods including the variation method, Perturbation method; Multielectron atoms, Hartree-Fock Self-Consistent Field Method; Born-Oppenheimer approximation; Huckel Molecular Orbital Theory, Slater determinants, conjugated pi-electron systems; Ab-initio methods will be discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course builds on the introduction to thermodynamics and focuses on its applications. Some of the topics to be covered include Chemical potential and phase equilibria; solutions and colligative properties; electrolytes and the Debye-Hückel theory; electrochemical cells as a source for thermodynamic data, The Nernst equation. Concentration cells Applications of EMF measurements: Electrode processes: over-potential, current density, fuel cells, storage cells, photovoltaic cells; electrolysis.

Credit Hours - 3

This course is focused on the fundamentals of spectroscopy and its applications. Topics will include; spectrometers – interferometry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry: Beer-Lambert’s Law, atomic spectrometry: atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy-ICP, optimization of signal-to-noise ratio, detection limit, analytical sensitivity, background correction: definition, D2-lamp, (zeeman effect, smith-hieftje) interferences, application; flame photometry; analytical separations, solvent extraction, partition coefficient, chelation–extraction of inorganic species.

Credit Hours - 2

This Laboratory-based course is designed to allow students to acquire hands-on experience in basic chemical techniques and methods. The course is made up of selected experiments that are complete in themselves, students may be required to perform sampling, preparation of reagents and standards, etc. Some of the experiments are argentometric determination of halides, complexometric (EDTA) analysis of real samples, ion exchange chromatography, Spectrophotometric determinations involving the use of calibration curves and standard chelating agents; soil analysis for pH, phosphate, and nitrogen; gravimetric analysis. 

Credit Hours - 3

This course involves the systematic study of the p-block elements groups 3A to 8A as well as the chemistry of the non-metals. Trends within and between groups; reasons for and causes of trends in ionization energy, electron affinity, electronegativity, oxidation states, inert pair effect, role of valence shell d-orbitals, electrode potential, and conductivity. The general increase in the metallic character of the p-elements (as evidenced by both physical and chemical properties) as one goes down the group.

Credit Hours - 2

This is an introductory course to Transition Metal Ions and their complexes. The d-orbital occupation and electronic configuration of M2+ ions, common oxidation numbers and their colours. General properties of TM Elements. Useful Definitions - ligand, chelate, coordination number.  Common Stereochemistries (CN = 2-12) will be reviewed.   Crystal Field Theory. Shapes of d-orbitals, the energy of the d-orbitals with respect to the effect of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar crystal fields. High-spin, Low-spin complexes and the spectrochemical series. Stability of Metal Complexes. Systematic approach to naming and complexes. Magnetic Moments of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar complexes. Isomerism. Stereoisomerism and Structural isomerism.

Credit Hours - 2

This laboratory-based course is designed to impart basic techniques in inorganic synthesis to students. The course also requires students to separate, purify, and dry their products for analysis using standard spectroscopic techniques. Selected experiments include Qualitative inorganic analysis, Simple complexation reaction; Chelation reactions; preparation of double salts; stabilization of “unstable” species through complexation; determination of dissolved oxygen in water; and interpretation of infra-red spectra of samples obtained by students.

Credit Hours - 2

The course will teach the key fundamentals of molecular rearrangement reactions. Classification of rearrangement reactions based on the nature of the migrating group/atom; Nucleophilic/aniotropic (intermolecular and intramolecular), electrophilic or cationotropic, free radical. The five (5) types of skeletal rearrangements- Electron deficient skeletal rearrangement (Wagner- Meerwin Rearrangement, Pinacol-Pinacolone Rearrangement, Semipinacol Rearrangement, Tiffeneau-Demjanov Rearrangement), Electron rich skeletal rearrangement (Benzilic acid Rearrangement, Wittig Rearrangement, Sommelet-Hauser Rearrangement,  Radical rearrangement, Rearrangements on an aromatic ring (Fries Rearrangement, Claisen Rearrangement, Rearrangements of Derivative of aniline, Sigmatropic rearrangement (Stevens Rearrangement, Ene Reaction, Cope Rearrangement).

Credit Hours - 2

The course involves the general principles underlying carbanion chemistry. Definition of carbanions; comparison of carbanions to other reactive intermediates; hybridization of carbon in different carbanion structures; hemolytic and heterolytic cleavage; different substrates as sources of carbanions; Factors affecting the stability of carbanions; Mechanisms, stereochemistry, and synthetic applications of reactions involving carbanions or potential carbanions with a variety of carbonyl compounds; Carbanion reactions in biosynthesis of bioactive natural products; Anionic polymerization reactions involving carbanions.

Credit Hours - 3

This course focusses on aromatic compounds and their reactions and will begin with evidence of aromaticity from physical and chemical properties of benzene. Other important considerations will include: The use of Huckel's rule and chemical/physical properties to determine aromaticity; Structure and nomenclature of arenes; reactions - hydrogenation, oxidation, and side chain halogenation. Electrophilic aromatic substitution and their use in synthesis; addition-elimination reactions and the benzyne mechanism.  The course will conclude with Applications, classification, nomenclature and chemistry of aromatic amines and diazonium salts as well as their importance especially in synthesis and coupling.

Credit Hours - 3

This course will cover the determination of organic structures using infrared (IR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (1H and 13C); the principles in each method are outlined and the structural features which may be deduced from spectra are discussed. Structure elucidation problems involving the joint application of IR, UV, MS, 1H- NMR, and 13C- NMR; structure elucidation of small molecules using real or computer-simulated spectra and aided by Tables of data (IR, UV, and NMR) which are provided as part of the course material.

Credit Hours - 2

This course will be laboratory-based and will focus on the synthesis of organic compounds using basic skills such as heating under reflux, distillation, crystallization, solvent extraction, solvent partitioning, filtration, thin layer or gravity column chromatography, and melting point determination. Other important activities will include the use of infrared, ultraviolet, and 1H NMR spectroscopy to confirm the structures of synthesized materials; Methods in multi-step synthesis of compounds such as dibenzalacetone, 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-iodobenzene, benzocaine, sulfanilamide, ferrocene, and 2,4-dinitroaniline; and Tests for functional groups. 

Credit Hours - 2

This course is focused on the fundamentals of thermodynamics and will include the Grammar and Vocabulary of thermodynamics; Discussion of State variables and equations of state, the Zeroth and First laws of thermodynamics, and thermochemistry. Other topics will include; the Second Law of Thermodynamics, The Carnot cycle, spontaneity, and equilibrium. Finally, an introduction to the third law of thermodynamics, Phase Equilibrium (One Component). Chemical equilibrium will be discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This laboratory course is designed to impart basic techniques in physical chemistry to students. The course requires students to undertake experiments involving refractometry, potentiometry, conductimetry, spectrophotometry, and polarimetry. The use of adsorption isotherms, partitioning, and kinetic studies will be used to further illustrate physical chemistry phenomenon already taught in theory.

Credit Hours - 2

This course is tailored to suit chemistry majors and intends to give basic mathematical skills to the chemist especially those in physical chemistry. Calculus of functions of several variables; partial differentiation; total differentials; Euler’s theorem on homogeneous functions; Differentiation and Integration skills; Solution of ordinary and partial differential equations; Matrices and determinants; Fourier analysis and transformation applied to spectroscopy and transport processes; Regression analysis and some numerical techniques e.g. Newton-Raphson method are taught.

Credit Hours - 2

This course introduces students to some fundamental principles of analytical chemistry. The course begins with an introduction to analytical chemistry, the analytical process, units, concentration, and stoichiometry. Calibration curves and their use in estimating concentrations, experimental errors, and statistical analysis for evaluating the data are explored. Finally, sampling techniques, quality assurance, and quality control, as well as gravimetric analysis and applications are discussed. 

Credit Hours - 2

This course builds on the knowledge gained in CHEM 111 and involves the quantitative treatment of ampholytes, (salts and amino acids), Buffer solutions, and very dilute solutions (≤ 10¯6M) of Bronsted-Lowry acids and bases. The Method of Successive Approximations; Electrochemistry-Electrode and galvanic cells; Nernst Equation; Concentration cells; applications of emf measurements in the determination of e.g. standard potentials, solubility and Ksp, dissociation constants; Potentiometric titrations; Conductance and applications of conductivity measurements are discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course deals with the systematic chemistry of the s-block elements namely the main group elements. Group 1A (the alkali metals, Group IIA (the alkaline Earth Metals), and Group IIB (Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury) including their organometallic compounds will be covered.   Physical and chemical periodic trends including atomic and ionic size, ionization energies, electronegativity, and metallic character will be discussed. The anomalous position of Hydrogen on the periodic table and the properties of its isotopes will be covered. The properties of compounds of these elements including, oxides, hydroxides, halides, carbonates, and carbides will also be highlighted.

Credit Hours - 2

This course introduces the student to the carbonyl and amine functional groups in Organic Chemistry. It involves the treatment of the structures and naming systems of these functional groups. The course also treats the properties of these compounds, their preparations, reactions including mechanisms, and some applications. Simple identification tests for these functional groups are also considered. The similarities and differences between the aldehydes and ketones on one hand and the carboxylic acids and their derivatives on the other are extensively looked at.

Credit Hours - 2

This course builds on the knowledge gained in CHEM 114 by providing students with a sound understanding of some important concepts in Organic Chemistry. The phenomenon of Stereochemistry which plays a very vital role in Organic Chemistry is extensively treated.  The treatment includes an in-depth review of Stereochemistry both configurational and conformational. In addition, compounds with more than one chiral center, pairs of Enantiomers, diastereomers, Meso compounds, Racemic mixtures, and Stereoisomerism of disubstituted cycloalkanes are considered. Some important classes of Organic Compounds such as alkenes, alcohols, and ethers are discussed with special emphasis on their nomenclature, properties, preparations, and reactions.

Credit Hours - 2

This course seeks to provide students with fundamental knowledge of atomic structure and bonding in elements and molecules. A qualitative treatment of the Quantum Mechanical Model of the atom is introduced and discussed. Other topics will include: quantum numbers; the shape of orbitals; the electronic configuration of atoms; chemical periodicity; and models of chemical bonding. Valence Bond concepts such as orbital overlaps; electron-pair sharing; sigma- and pi-bonds; hybridization (as a mathematical combination of atomic orbitals LCAO); Valence bond description of simple molecules; VSEPR; as well as qualitative Molecular Orbital model are discussed.

Credit Hours - 2

This course is designed to introduce students to some fundamental concepts in physical chemistry with a focus on chemical equilibrium and the kinetics of reactions. Topics to be considered under Chemical Reactions and equilibrium will include the enthalpy of reactions; heat capacities; Born-Haber cycle (Hess’ law); Bond energies, standard enthalpies of formation; Entropy; Gibbs free energy and spontaneity; the relationship between free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Under kinetics, topics to be considered will be: differential rate law, rate constants, order of reactions, effects of concentration, temperature (Arrhenius equation); mechanical slope method (No integrated rate laws); and the concept of reaction mechanism.

Credit Hours - 2

As a follow-up to structure and bonding, this course looks at the binding forces in various solid materials including metals, alloys, molecules, covalent and ionic crystals, and their related properties and internal structures. The geometric and energetic factors affecting ionic crystals are discussed, together with the effects of polarization, and the changes that result in the introduction of complex ions - the latter illustrated with silicates. The structure and properties of glasses, polymers, and composites, as well as new materials such as nanomaterials, are also discussed.

Credit Hours - 1

This laboratory-based course seeks to complement theoretical lectures in basic organic chemistry. Here students are taught skills such as synthesis of organic compounds (e.g. esters, acids, ketones) requiring basic heating under reflux, distillation, crystallization, extraction, filtration, melting point determination and spectroscopic (UV) analysis. Additionally, students are made to engage in the qualitative analysis of alcohols, carboxylic acids, aldehydes, ketones, amines and phenols.

Credit Hours - 1

This laboratory-based course is designed to complement theoretical lectures in quantitative analytical chemistry. This component provides students with experience in the analysis of environmental samples. Students are introduced to safety in the analytical laboratory, titration of acid-base mixtures, total alkalinity, hydrolysis of salts, pH of buffer solutions and solubility products; rates of chemical reactions, iodometric titrations, determination of hardness in varied water samples, analysis of commercial bleaching products and silver in alloys (Volhard’s method). Additionally, solution preparation, basic skills in titrimetry, pH measurements, etc are surveyed at the beginning of the course.

Credit Hours - 3

This course provides a foundation for knowledge in organic chemistry to students. Concepts to be discussed will include structural determination of organic molecules involving the use of major purification techniques, qualitative and quantitative analysis, and the use of spectroscopic techniques in structure elucidation. Students will be introduced to the concept of functional groups with a focus on alkanes and cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes including for sources, formation, uses, and reactions where necessary. The stereochemistry of these hydrocarbons as well as other fundamental organic concepts will be introduced to give a good foundation for subsequent courses in organic chemistry at higher levels.

Credit Hours - 3

This course is designed to provide students with the fundamental concepts in general chemistry. Topics to be considered will include measurements and presentation of data, uncertainty in measurements, significant figures; Normal distribution of data, Precision, Accuracy, and Propagation of errors in calculations. Acid-base concepts such as Bronsted-Lowry’s concept (≥ 10-6M); strength of acids and bases; leveling effect of water; pX scale; and Hydrolysis of salts (cations and anions) are dealt with. The course concludes with an introduction to redox reactions and their applications; Solubility of sparingly soluble salts and their important terms including ionic product constants; Ksp; common-ion effect and selective precipitation.