Deviance as a universal phenomenon; Definitions; Development and scope of Sociology of Deviant Behaviour; Historical trends; Predisposition of individuals to deviate from social norms;  ―Causal‖  theories:  biological, psychological and sociological explanations (Functionalism, Marxism, etc. ), the positivists, measurement of crime, crime statistics, twins studies, somatotypes, theory of anomie, differential association, sub-cultural theories, principles of criminal law (concept of crime); white collar crime, victimless crime, etc.