Basic genetic principles (molecular genetics and cytogenesis. Tools for genetic engineering (triploidy, gynogenesis, androgenesis, monosex populations, inbreeding etc). Tools for breeding: hereditabiligy and monosex selection in aquaculture. The role of genetics or genetically modified organisms in fisheries including the GIFT Tilapia. Genetics of populations (Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium). Genetic engineering in marine systems. Application of biotechnology to the marine ecosystem. Electrophoresis in fish genetics.