Plant and water (effects on plant growth and development and on distribution). Adaptations of mesophytes, xerophytes. Hydrophytes; adaptations of halophytes. Plant and light. Sun and shade leaves. Plant and temperature. Plant and fire. Raunkiaerian life forms. Ecology of flowering and pollination; plant and pollinator interactions. Phenology Adaptive strategies of witchweed (Striga hermonthica), (Eichhornia Crassiped), Tapinanthus bangwensis, Sian weed (Chromolaena Odorata).