The doctoral thesis involves a candidate working closely under the guidance of a supervisor(s) in the Department to investigatean approved original project idea from the candidate’s preferred field of specialization, and writing a thesis. The investigation will include a comprehensive review of related works reported in scholarly articles, formulation and development of necessary concepts, implementation, testing, study of the implications of work and potential application. The thesis will be evaluated based either on its academic contribution and advancement to knowledge or contribution to the relevant industrial application. The contributions from theresearch work will be synthesized and compiled into publication-quality research papers