This course continues the exploration of cell biology, with a focus on cellular communication, structural dynamics, protein synthesis, and the study of cells as organisms. Key topics include:

Cell Surface and Communication:

• Extracellular Matrix (ECM): Structure and function of the ECM, including cell walls in plants and fungi.
• Cell Adhesion and Junctions: Mechanisms of cell-cell adhesion, types of junctions (tight junctions, gap junctions, and desmosomes), and their roles in tissue integrity and communication.
• Signal Transduction: Pathways and mechanisms of signal transduction, including the roles of various receptors and second messengers.
• Receptor Function: Types and functions of cell surface receptors, including G-protein-coupled receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, and ion channel receptors.
• Excitable Membrane Systems: Understanding of excitable membranes, focusing on nerve and muscle cells and the propagation of electrical signals.

Cytoskeleton, Motility, and Shape:

• Actin-based Systems: The role of actin in cell shape and movement, including detailed mechanisms of muscle contraction.
• Microtubule-based Systems: Functions of microtubules in cell division, intracellular transport, and maintenance of cell structure.
• Intermediate Filaments: Structure, function, and significance of intermediate filaments in maintaining cell integrity.
• Prokaryotic Systems: Overview of cytoskeletal elements in prokaryotes and their roles in cell shape and division.

Protein Synthesis and Processing:

• Regulation of Translation: Mechanisms controlling the translation of mRNA into proteins.
• Post-translational Modification: Various modifications proteins undergo after translation, including phosphorylation, glycosylation, and ubiquitination.
• Intracellular Trafficking: Pathways and mechanisms involved in the intracellular movement of proteins and organelles.
• Secretion and Endocytosis: Processes of protein secretion and the mechanisms of endocytosis and intracellular digestion.

Cells as Organisms:

• Bacterial Life Cycles: Study of the life cycles of bacteria, including reproduction and sporulation.
• Protozoa and Algae: Overview of the biology and life cycles of protozoa and algae, emphasizing their ecological roles and significance.
• Parasitic Protozoa and Fungi: Examination of parasitic protozoa and fungi, focusing on their life cycles, host interactions, and impacts as both free-living and parasitic organisms.